Corrosion is a natural process Free Essays

Materials corrode due to the deterioration caused by its interaction with its environment. It is the process in which metallic atoms form compound in the presence of water and gases. (Machinery’s Handbook 29th edition, â€Å"Corrosion is an irreversible interracial reaction of a material (metal, 2013) ceramic, polymer) with its environment which results in its consumption or dissolution into the material of a component of the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion is a natural process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often, but not necessarily, corrosion results in effects detrimental to the usage of the material considered. Exclusively physical or mechanical processes such as melting and evaporation, abrasion or mechanical fracture are not included in the term corrosion. â€Å"( Advances in Corrosion Engineering Lecture 1, 2013) Corrosion and erosion is two different things. Corrosion can’t be caused by physical causes unlike erosion, galling or wear. Chemical attack accompanies physical deterioration as described by the terms: corrosion erosion, corrosive wear, fretting corrosion. Plastics may swell or crack , wood may split or decay, granite may erode, Portland cement may leach away. But the term corrosion is presently restricted to chemical attack of metals. Rusting is only applied to the corrosion of iron or iron base alloys with formation of corrosion products consisting largely of hydrous ferric oxides. Nonferrous metals, therefore, corrode but do not rust. (Corrosion and Corrosion control, 2013) There are three significant reasons of studying corrosion. The first area of significance is economic which includes the objective of reducing material losses resulting from the corrosion of piping, tanks, metal components of machines, ships, bridges, marine structures and so on. The second area is improved safety of operating equipment which may be hindered by corrosion and will lead to dictatorship consequences. The last significance is conservation, applied primarily to metal resources which is limited in this world, and the wastage of them includes corresponding losses of energy and water reserves associated with the production and fabrication of metal structures. The least important reason is the accompanying conservation of human effort entering the design and rebuilding of corroded metal equipment, otherwise available for socially useful purposes. Corrosion and Corrosion There are five facts in the process of corrosion formation. First, ions are involved and need a medium to move in (usually water). Second, oxygen is involved and needs to be supplied. Third, the metal has to be willing to give up electrons to start the process. Fourth, A new material is formed and this may react again or could be protective of the original metal . Fifth, A series of simple steps are involved and a driving force is needed to achieve them. The most important fact is that interfering with the steps allows the corrosion reaction to be stopped or slowed to a manageable rate. Beginners Guide to Corrosion , 2003) There are two basic types of corrosion namely uniform and localized corrosion. Uniform corrosion occurs veer the majority of the surface of a metal at a steady and often predictable rate. Although it is unsightly its predictability facilitates easy control, the most basic method being to make the material thick enough to function for the lifetime of the component. Localized corrosion can deal a more severe damage than uniform surprisingly short period of use or exposure. There are thirteen types of localized corrosion namely galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, selective attack, stray current corrosion, microbial corrosion, intracellular corrosion, concentration cell corrosion, harmonically corrosion, corrosion caused by combined action, corrosion fatigue, fretting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and hydrogen damage. (Beginners Guide Cost of corrosion and its control experienced by one pulp to Corrosion, 2003) and paper company was estimated to be 20 million dollars annually. The United States alone have total combined losses of corrosion estimated conservatively to be about 70 billion dollars annually, or 4. 2% of the gross national product . It has been estimated that about 15% of this total could be avoided if currently available corrosion technology were effectively applied. Studies of the cost of corrosion to Australia, Great Britain, Japan, and other countries have also been carried out. In each country studied, the cost of corrosion is approximately 3-4% of the GNP. Corrosion and Corrosion Control, 2013) Indirect losses are more difficult to assess, but a brief survey of typical losses of this kind compels the conclusion that they also cost several billion of dollars. Indirect losses are divided into five which are shutdown, loss of product, loss of efficiency, contamination of product, overdressing. The shutdown of corroded equipments can cost a lot while repairs is underway. Loss of products occur through corroded pipe systems until repairs are m ade. How to cite Corrosion is a natural process, Essays

Is Marijuana A Solution For The Opioid Epidemic Example For Students

Is Marijuana A Solution For The Opioid Epidemic? An Opioid Epidemic in the United States The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently published an analysis that showed drug overdoses are the leading cause of accidental deaths in the United States – surpassing even that of automobile accidents (â€Å"Opioid Addiction†). A majority of these deaths are related to prescription opiates and heroin use. Opiates are drugs commonly prescribed as pain relievers, including oxycodone, codeine, morphine, and fentanyl. The class of drugs also includes the illicit drug, heroin (â€Å"Opioid Addiction†). Prescription opioids are currently involved in â€Å"more overdose deaths than any other drug† with 20,101 related deaths in 2015 – four times the number in 1999 (â€Å"Overdose Death Rates†). Heroin overdoses have also risen fourfold in the past 16 years, with 12,990 deaths in 2015 (â€Å"Opioid Addiction†). Many are calling this dramatic increase in opioid-related overdose deaths in the United States an â€Å"Opioid Epidemic .† This epidemic has three main indicators: increases in sales and prescriptions of opiates, high rates of opioid-related mortality, and a surge in admissions to treatment centers for opiate addictions. Driving this epidemic is the surge in the prescription of opiates, which nearly tripled from 76 million prescriptions filled 1991 to 259 million prescriptions filled in 2011 – corresponding to the dramatic increase in opioid-related overdose deaths (Nolan). Many of these painkillers are even being prescribed for conditions they have been proven ineffective for, including chronic pain. This increase in sales and use for prescription opiates is problematic because opioids are associated with a high risk of overdose death and addiction. Many studies also point to a strong causal relationship between prescription opioids and heroin use. According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine, a survey of new heroin users found that four in five started out abusing prescription opioids (â€Å"Opioid Addiction†). Heroin is a much deadlier and addictive drug, with 23% of users developing an opiate addiction (â€Å"Opioid Addiction†). The overdose potential for both drugs is high because patients’ tolerance to the toxic effect of opioids builds slower than tolerance to its euphoric effects (â€Å"Opiates (Narcotics)†). Many suggest that marijuana could be a cure for this rise in problematic opiate use because studies show that marijuana is less addictive than opioids and have a near-zero potential for overdosing (Hall and Pacula). This paper will analyze whether marijuana could act as an alternative treatment for conditions usually treated by opioids and how medical marijuana legalization impacts problematic use, influence the supply of opiates driving the problem, and effects heroin and opiate use rates that characterize the opioid epidemic. Marijuana as Treatment Substitute In â€Å"Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,† the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) reviewed 79 relevant trials that examined the impact of marijuana on a broad range of conditions that marijuana is commonly prescribed for, such as chronic pain, nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, spasticity from multiple sclerosis, and sleeping disorders (Whiting et al.). Although they also found that cannabinoids were associated with moderate improvements for most of the conditions analyzed, a majority of the studies had high risks of bias or the improvements were not statistically significant (Whiting et al.). The JAMA analysis did find â€Å"moderate-quality evidence† that supports a â€Å"30% or greater improvement in pain with a cannabinoid compared with a placebo† (Whiting et al.). However, this beneficial effect was accompanied by the increased risk of short-term adverse effects, including dizziness, nausea, and fatig ue from the cannabinoids themselves. Despite the adverse effects, this potential of cannabinoids to alleviate chronic pain is promising. There is much controversy over opiates’ efficacy in treating non-cancer chronic pain (â€Å"Opioids for Chronic Pain†). In some patients, due to a combination of tolerance – the adjustment of the body to dosage over time – and opioid-induced hyperalgesia – an increasing sensitivity to pain, opioids taken over an extended period of time may actually increase the amount of pain experienced (â€Å"Opiates for Chronic Pain†). If marijuana can treat chronic pain better than opiates can over an extended period of time, then marijuana can substitute for opiates. Not only could reduce opiate-related side effects, but it could also reduce the prescription dosage needed. Consequently, fewer opioids would need to be prescribed, reducing the supply available for use and misuse. Marijuana as a treatment substitute could lower risk for opiate-related addicti on and potentially overdoses. .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 , .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .postImageUrl , .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 , .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5:hover , .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5:visited , .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5:active { border:0!important; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5:active , .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5 .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u717aa2dd7795128099e55c794fb9fac5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prevention For Opioid Drug AbuseAbrams and his colleagues studied the effect of marijuana-opiate interaction in patients with chronic pain. They administered vaporized cannabis to 21 patients with various conditions who were receiving either oxycodone or morphine in stable doses (Abrams et al.). After five days of administering the vapor, the researchers evaluated the patients’ pain level and found an average pain reduction of 27.2% when cannabis was added to the opiate. This significant reduction in pain suggests marijuana enhances the pain-relieving effect of opioids. Since fewer opiates are needed to achieve the same effect, mixing opioids with marijuana could potentially allow for lower opioid doses and an accompanying decrease in opioid-related side effects such as nausea and sedation (Abrams et al.). This suggests another treatment for chronic pain – a combination of both cannabis and opioids to minimize the amount of exposure to each drug. Not only would this lower the risk of opiate dependence, but also minimize the risk of long-term harms associated with marijuana use that may still be unknown.

Balanced Scorecard Case free essay sample

o Read and analyze Case 3, The Coors Case Balanced Scorecard, at the Institute of Management Accountants Web Link located in Week Threes learning materials. In your Learning Team, answer the six questions at the end of the case: o Link the Coors vision statement to Coorss key business strategies or six planks. Are there any gaps? o Link the Coors Operation and Technology (OT) department vision statement to the OT strategies or supply chain guiding principles. Are there any gaps? o Provide possible explanations for the performance gaps identified by Coors benchmarking analysis. o Answer the frequently asked question (FAQs) already raised by employees about the Coors BSC project. o Considering the prior gap and benchmarking analyses, design specific performance measures with benchmarked targets, where feasible, and reporting frequency to create an operational and acceptable BSC for Coors. o Perform an economic value-added (EVA) analysis to assess its potential as a BSC financial performance measure for Coors. We will write a custom essay sample on Balanced Scorecard Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page o Write a paper in which you incorporate your findings from the case questions and address the following: o What were the companys objectives in implementing the Balanced Scorecard? What problems was the company trying to address? o Describe the implementation plan and process. How was implementation affected by the company characteristics such as culture, competitive environment, management style, or capabilities? Identify at least three company characteristics that affect the plan. o What issues were encountered? How is the company addressing implementation difficulties or concerns? o Do you think the company will be successful? What changes might you make to improve on the companys actions or intended actions? Suggest at least three recommendations to management. o Format your paper according to APA standards.

College Time Management 101

College Time Management 101 Time management can be one of the most important- and difficult- skills to learn during your college years. With so much going on, staying on top of your time can sometimes seem impossible. You might very well come to realize that time is your most precious commodity in college. Fortunately, however, there are a number of things you can do to help make sure your time management as a student leaves you feeling organized and in control instead of exhausted and behind. Planning Ahead You cant plan your time well if you dont know what youre planning for. Although it can be a pain in the brain, spending a little time now can help save a ton of time in the future. How to Plan for a Major Research PaperHow to Plan for a Major Group ProjectHow to Prevent Procrastination in the First Place8 Steps for Strong Time Management in College Avoiding Problems in Advance Of course, sometimes  life just happens. So how can you make sure you avoid unnecessary time traps that can turn from a minor inconvenience to a major problem? Top 10 Time Wasters in CollegeJust What Is Good Time Management Anyway? Executing Youve planned ahead. You know what to look out for along the way. Youre ready to start this semester/project/paper/you-name-it and stay on top of your time, all of the time. Whats the best way to execute your plans? Good Time Management Systems- and How to Use Them5 Critical Time Management Skills for College StudentsUsing the TIMED System for College Time Management Finding Motivation Along the Way Good time management takes, well, time. So what can you do if you find yourself needing a little motivation along the way? 8 Benefits of Good Time Management5 Disadvantages of Bad Time ManagementTime Management Quotations Times Up?! What to Do If Time Runs Out Sometimes, not matter how much you plan or how great your intentions are, things just dont work out. So what can you do to fix- and learn from- your time management mistakes? How to Ask for an ExtensionHow to Make a Paper LongerHow to Break the Habit of Procrastination Just like everything else youre learning during your time in school, great time management skills take time to learn- and that includes letting yourself learn from your mistakes. Strong time management is important enough, however, that continually striving to improve is worth the effort each and every time.

Micro1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Micro1 - Essay Example The cost is nil as well for attendees whose higher degree provides upward revision of earnings. The components of opportunity cost include fees paid for tuition purposes, foregone earnings, book prices, leisure time. The percentage of opportunity cost and the money value is closely correlated. Tuition fees of colleges can be treated as the greatest cost of attending college. Answer 2 Decisions taken at the margin are one of the key factors in decision making processes. The marginal cost accrued to a decision is taken into account by the decision maker at the margin. The decision maker judges whether the cost is greater than the benefit when the decision will take effect. An example is as follows: an employer judges the additional cost of recruiting an extra employee with the benefit the organization gains from recruiting that additional person. If it is analysed that benefit exceeds the salary, then the employer decides to recruit the person. Average cost is used while determining de cisions on investments and tax. Answer 3 The statement is as follows: â€Å"HSBC in Talks on Possible Sale of Ping An Stake†. The statement is a positive statement as it can be accepted or rejected depending on the available evidences (The Wall Street Journal, 2012a). The statement is as follows: â€Å"Sahara Feeling heat over bond sales†. ... The statement is a positive statement as it can be accepted or rejected depending on the available evidences (The Wall Street Journal, 2012d). Answer 4 The scenario under assumption is seamstress decides to produce more dresses in an hour than the seamstress usually does. The incentive behind such action of the seamstress can be listed as follows: 1) Subsidy on dress prices from the part of the government; 2) Fall in price of raw materials; 3) Reduction in transport prices necessary for supply of goods to the market; 4) Rise in demand conditions; 5) Possibilities of exports opening up. There may also be some disincentives like fall in the export possibilities of the goods, uncertainty getting accrued to the production process, and sudden fall in demand expectations. The scenarios based on political, legal or cultural aspects are unavoidable. Answer 5 It is assumed that the farmer uses the available land in efficient fashion. The following diagram denotes the total amount of corn and beans he can produce. The farmer has the luxury to produce 150 units of beans if he chooses not to produce any corn. On the other hand, he can produce 300 units of corn if he chooses not to produce any beans. In economics, such an action is defined as efficient use of resources. The opportunity cost of corn at each level of production is 25 units of beans. The marginal cost of the farmer at each level of production is the cost of 25 units of beans. The slope of the line is 25. The slope of the line is same as the marginal cost. Answer 6 The costs of producing corn and beans are needed to determine the level at which the farmer should produce. Answer 7 Answer 8 The skills that have been taken under consideration to be compared are

Reading the paper and answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reading the paper and answer question - Essay Example Traditional methods and materials have been replaced by modern means of nail connections and light wood frames. He further sees today’s carpenters as finishers of houses, rather than builders of houses. He begins by telling the readers about Henry Mitchell, his neighbor who has lived in the same house for 85 years. Henry Mitchell watches the writer renovate his house often. Each renovation watched by his neighbor reminds the writer of the original builder of his house one and a half centuries ago (Invention & Technology, 1999). The writer notes that before the 19th century, frame houses were built using large timbers. The constructors believed that sawing was a waste of materials and labor, so, through experienced workers, they only squared off logs to facilitate connection. This gave rise to the balloon frame. They introduced nails and lumber in mass production, giving further advantage to the balloon frame. The results were savings in man hours, less requirements in skills a nd a complete change in ways of building. The writer also notes that balloon frames are structurally and materially more efficient. Since no joint is of more significance than another, then the connection between each wood is efficient. This exemplifies modification of building practices progressively. Although the practices called for less labor, simplified connections and used light weight materials, they were limited because construction of houses never reached a fully automated level. Therefore, in as much as it was an innovation, it has remained resistant to change, to the surprise of many (Invention & Technology, 1999). The writer also believes that the American style of construction of houses was influenced by the Midwest, made up of the French, Amerindians, Europeans and Spaniards (Invention & Technology, 1999). The 19th century saw new houses rise in demand, occasioned by a change in wood technologies, and American settlers around the Mississippi at that time found new cult ures in building. The settlers built sawmills as one of their new enterprises, contributing to the millions of feet of lumber produced in the region. This denotes a change towards the new culture, because if the settlers had been close to a river, they would have used saw planks instead. The writer also believes the invention of balloon frame lies with the Chicagoans. This is because the balloon frame is among the City’s founding myths. It has also been mentioned as a contributing factor to the 1872 Chicago fire. It is believed that in 1833 when Chicago was a year old, Augustine Taylor, a carpenter from Connecticut, was requested to build many houses but his response was to invent balloon frames (Invention & Technology, 1999). In that year, wood was of variable quality and dimension. In the structure of a balloon frame, one joint may collapse due to poor quality wood, but the main structure will remain stable because of many redundant joints. Nevertheless, the openings left b y the collapsed joints would let in cold in cold weather. It was, therefore, suggested by Taylor that dimension lumber, since it reacts in different ways than wood plunks and timber, be selected by experienced carpenters. It would then be assembled into a building leaving allowance for contraction and expansion. With all the displayed experience, observers noted that Taylor must have worked with balloon frames before his arrival in

No topic 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No topic 1 - Essay Example inees through journal writing but there are other researchers who have shown that journal writing cannot assess how the practitioners will stop during an activity to frame the problem according to their past experiences and observations. Judging trainees through journal writing can impact their writing so it is not an effective assessment technique. However, reflective writing still is a great assessment mechanism in which the medical educators assess the writing both qualitatively and quantitatively and find out if the trainees have used reflective process in analyzing and solving a clinical problem by linking their knowledge with what should be done. Educators can assess whether trainees have tried to synthesize the information in the reflective process and have considered all perspectives to the solution. They can also assess whether the trainees have explored options other than what is needed or have made assumptions but do not know how to apply them. Thus, this way the educators can assess the trainees through the reflective